The watchdog of psychoanalysis: the Toronto connections of Ernest Jones are explored in a new biography.

The watchdog of psychoanalysis: the Toronto connections of Ernest Jones are explored in a new biography. Freud's Wizard: The Enigma of Ernest Jones Brenda Maddox JohnMurray 354 pages, hardcover ISBN ISBNabbr.International Standard Book NumberISBNInternational Standard Book NumberISBNn abbr (= International Standard Book Number) → ISBN m9780719567926 The name of Ernest Jones is not much heard these days, and yet hewas as pivotal to the dissemination of psychoanalysis and Freudianism asT.H. Huxley was to the science of Darwinism. And he had a Canadianconnection. Freud's Wizard: The Enigma of Ernest Jones, BrendaMaddox's recent prize-winning biography, coincides with thecentennial of the Department of Psychiatry at the University ofToronto's Faculty of Medicine, where Jones worked from 1908 to1912. His career demonstrates that it was no simple task being aFreudian at the end of the Victorian era, certainly not in a town likeToronto. (Full disclosure here: As an historian of Canadian psychiatry,I provided Maddox with some of her research materials on the Torontosections of this book.) Born in Gowerton, South Wales, in 1879, Ernest Jones was anoutstanding medical student and a licenced physician at the age of 21.However, some of his colleagues resented Jones's sharp tongue andcontemptuous manner. This unfortunate combination of arrogance andinsensitivity got Jones into serious trouble. In the early days of hiscareer, he was notorious for ignoring hospital rules and etiquette. Forexample, due to being absent without leave and defying the orders of thematron, Jones was forced to resign his post as resident medical officerat a children's hospital. His self-esteem suffered an even greaterblow when Jones was charged with indecent exposure indecent exposuren. the crime of displaying one's genitalia to one or more other people in a public place, usually with the apparent intent to shock the unsuspecting viewer and give the exposer a sexual charge. . This latter incident occurred while Jones was administering speechtests to pubescent pubescent/pu��bes��cent/ (pu-bes��int)1. arriving at the age of puberty.2. covered with down or lanugo.pu��bes��centadj.1. girls at a London County council London County Council (LCC) was the principal local government body for the County of London, throughout its 1889-1965 existence, and the first London-wide general municipal authority to be directly elected. school for retardedchildren. Defended by the renowned Archibald Bodkin, the case was"literally laughed out of court. The magistrate knew that no jurywould convict on the evidence of mentally unreliable children."Nevertheless, Jones's medical career in London foundered when, inMarch 1908, he was fired from the West End Hospital for Diseases of theNervous System for examining and discussing sexual matters with a femalepatient without the presence of a third party. Uninvited, Jones hadexamined a ten-year-old girl with a paralysed arm and determined thather condition had a sexual etiology. His doom was sealed when it wasrevealed that Jones had examined the young patient without thepermission of her attending physician or her parents. In order to recover from this traumatic experience, Jones went toMunich and enrolled in postgraduate studies in clinical psychiatry withEmil Kraepelin. While in Europe, Jones met Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud.On meeting Jones at a conference in Amsterdam, Jung promptly wrote toFreud: "Now for a great surprise: among the English contingentthere was a young man from London, Dr. Jones (a Celt from Wales Wales,Welsh Cymru, western peninsula and political division (principality) of Great Britain (1991 pop. 2,798,200), 8,016 sq mi (20,761 sq km), west of England; politically united with England since 1536. The capital is Cardiff. !), whoknows your writings very well and does psychoanalytical work himself ...He is very intelligent and could do a lot of good." Freud laterreplied: "Jones is undoubtedly a very interesting and worthy man,but he gives me a feeling of, I was almost going to say racialstrangeness. He is a fanatic and doesn't eat enough."Nevertheless, a relationship was established, as demonstrated by the 671surviving letters that Jones wrote to Freud until the end of the famousdoctor's life. It was from Kraepelin that Jones learned that C.K. Clarke was inthe process of recruiting clinicians for his new psychiatric clinic inToronto. Jones arrived in Toronto in September 1908 to meet his newboss, laden with glowing testimonials from William Osler and thecelebrated English pathologist Frederick Henry Mott. At that time, Dr.Charles Kirk Clarke Charles Kirk Clarke (1857 - 20 January 1924) was a psychiatrist who was influential in Canadian politics.Clarke was born in Elora, Ontario, son of a prominent Ontario parliamentarian. was the medical superintendent of the Toronto Asylumand a professor of psychiatry at the University of Toronto Research at the University of Toronto has been responsible for the world's first electronic heart pacemaker, artificial larynx, single-lung transplant, nerve transplant, artificial pancreas, chemical laser, G-suit, the first practical electron microscope, the first cloning of T-cells, . In 1911, hewas appointed dean of medicine and superintendent of the Toronto GeneralHospital The Toronto General Hospital (TGH), part of the University Health Network, is a major teaching hospital in downtown Toronto, Canada. It is located in the Discovery District, directly north of the Hospital for Sick Children, across Gerrard Street West, and east of Princess . Clarke's campaign to persuade the government of Ontario The Government of Ontario refers to the provincial government of the province of Ontario. Its powers and structure are set out in the Constitution Act, 1867.In modern Canadian use, the term "government" refers broadly to the cabinet of the day, elected from the Legislative to build and staff a psychiatric clinic modelled on Kraepelin'sclinic in Heidelberg was posthumously rewarded in 1925 with the openingof the Toronto Psychiatric Hospital psychiatric hospitaln.A hospital for the care and treatment of patients affected with acute or chronic mental illness. Also called mental hospital. . In his first letter to Freud from Toronto, Jones was optimistic.His subsequent letters were much less so. In a kvetching mood he wrote:"Music is rare here, and there is not a picture gallery in thecountry. The people are 19 parts American, and one part Colonial ...They are a despicable race, exceedingly bourgeois, quite uncultured,very rude, very stupid and very narrow and pious." While notunusual with recent immigrants, this negative state of mind madeJones's life in the "medical backwoods" of Toronto moredifficult than it should have been. Jones was particularly scathingbecause, at the time of his arrival, there was no formal department ofneurology at the University of Toronto. His initial appointment at theFaculty of Medicine was that of demonstrator in anatomy and physiology.With a munificent stipend of $600 per annum Per annumYearly. , Jones also served underClarke as director of an outpatient clinic and as pathologist andneurologist at the Toronto Asylum. As a follower of Kraepelin, Clarke rejected psychoanalytical ideasand was embarrassed by Ernest Jones's obsession with sexualaberrations. Clarke was also upset because Jones, a single man, wascohabiting in Toronto with an unmarried woman. Nevertheless, Clarkepromoted Jones to the rank of assistant professor and arranged for himto give lectures on clinical psychiatry to medical students. As if tokeep him out of mischief, Clarke made Jones head of the neurology wardat Toronto General Hospital. Pleased with his promotion, Jones boastedto Freud about his unlimited opportunity to indoctrinate in��doc��tri��nate?tr.v. in��doc��tri��nat��ed, in��doc��tri��nat��ing, in��doc��tri��nates1. To instruct in a body of doctrine or principles.2. medicalstudents. My own research on this topic, however, indicates thatJones's lectures to medical students were restrained and"untainted" by Freudian psychoanalysis. Ernest Jones attributed his great productivity to his unhappinessin Toronto. In addition to writing many papers on neurological andclinical matters, in 1910 Jones published two of his most importantessays: "On the Nightmare" and "The Oedipus Complex Oedipus complex,Freudian term, drawn from the myth of Oedipus, designating attraction on the part of the child toward the parent of the opposite sex and rivalry and hostility toward the parent of its own. as anExplanation of Hamlet's Mystery: A Study in Motive." In 1937,when the great Shakespearian actor Laurence Olivier was preparing forthe role of Hamlet, he called upon Jones for advice. Olivier learnedthat Hamlet suffered from an Oedipus complex and that the symptoms ofthe condition could include mood swings, cruel treatment of his love anda hopeless inability to pursue the course required of him. Although popular as a lecturer on the American university campuseshe visited, Jones was less well received in Toronto. At a meeting of theCanadian Medical Association The Canadian Medical Association (CMA), with more than 65,000 members, is the largest association of doctors in Canada and works to represent their interests nationally. It formed in 1867, three months after Confederation. in June 1910, Jones was heckled by twoirate neurologists from New York because, after being psychoanalyzed,their wives had decided to leave them. For a while, after thepublication of Freud's Worcester lectures, attacks increased onFreudianism (which, in the popular mind, meant free love, removal of allrestraints and a relapse to the state of savagery). In this period,Herbert Bruce, a distinguished Toronto physician, urged the president ofthe University of Toronto to dismiss Jones because he was a sexualpervert and likely to corrupt the medical students. Adding to theseproblems, Jones reported to Freud that a former patient, who accused himof having sexual intercourse with her, had threatened to shoot him.Later on, Jones confessed that he had "foolishly paid the woman$500.00 blackmail." Jones's personal life was equally distressing. His"harem" included his independently wealthy co-vivant Loe Kann,two of his sisters and two servants. They lived all together, althoughnot amicably, at 407 Brunswick Avenue, north of Bloor Street. As Kann, amorphine addict, also suffered from sexual paresthesia paresthesia/par��es��the��sia/ (par?es-the��zhah) morbid or perverted sensation; an abnormal sensation, as burning, prickling, formication, etc. par��es��the��siaor par��aes��the��sian. (genital itching,burning and prickling prick��le?n.1. A small sharp point, spine, or thorn.2. A tingling or pricking sensation.v. prick��led, prick��ling, prick��lesv.tr.1. ), her life with Jones was fraught. Perhaps by wayof compensation--or was it hostility?--Jones became sexually involvedwith one of Kann's servants. Kann became increasingly depressed andsuicidal. To save Jones from further ignominy IGNOMINY. Public disgrace, infamy, reproach, dishonor. Ignominy is the opposite of esteem. Wolff, Sec. 145. See Infamy. , Freud--who made no secretof his penchant for wealthy patients--accepted her for psychoanalysis inVienna. Paradoxically, Jones's decision to leave Toronto was followedby increased demand for his psychoanalytic services. His new patientsincluded a professor of romance languages and the daughter of theuniversity's chancellor. Almost certainly, this encouraged theReverend Robert Alexander Falconer, the university president, to resistthe demands for Jones's dismissal. In fact, Jones was invited torepeat his lectures on psychiatry in the following academic year. Joneswas prepared to do so if he was permitted to spend six months in Torontoand six months in London. As this was unacceptable to the university, inJune 1912 Jones and Kann left Toronto and returned to Europe. After leaving Canada, Jones had a brief marriage to a professionalmusician and singer, Morfydd Owen, and then married for a second time.His new wife, Kathrina Jokl, was fluent in German and English and had adoctorate in economics from the University of Zurich HistoryThe University of Zurich was founded in 1833 with existing colleges of theology (founded by Huldrych Zwingli in 1525), law and medicine merged together with a new faculty of Philosophy. . During their longlife together, Ernest and Kitty Jones produced four children. Andtogether they wrote a three-volume biography of Sigmund Freud as well asmany scientific papers. Brenda Maddox provides a remarkably sympathetic account ofJones's transformation from Freud's "Rottweiler" tohis "wizard." The hostile appellation of Rottweiler wasprovoked by Jones's draconian attempts to sanitize To remove sensitive data from an information system, a database or an extract from a database. See sensitive. the earlyhistory of psychoanalysis. The title of wizard served more aptlybecause, in 1938, together with Princess Marie Bonaparte Princess Marie Bonaparte (2 July 1882-21 September 1962) was a French psychoanalyst, closely linked with Sigmund Freud. Her wealth contributed to the popularity of psychoanalysis, and enabled Freud's escape from Nazi Germany. , Jones securedthe release of Freud and his family from Nazi-occupied Vienna andresettled Adj. 1. resettled - settled in a new locationrelocatedsettled - established in a desired position or place; not moving about; "nomads...absorbed among the settled people"; "settled areas"; "I don't feel entirely settled here"; "the advent of settled them in Hampstead, London. In the years that followedFreud's death in 1939, Jones completed his magisterial mag��is��te��ri��al?adj.1. a. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a master or teacher; authoritative: a magisterial account of the history of the English language.b. biography ofFreud and devoted himself to the Sisyphean task of protecting andperfecting psychoanalysis. Cyril Greenland is professor emeritus in the School of Social Workand an associate in the Department of Psychiatry at the Faculty ofMedicine of McMaster University. He is cofounder co��found?tr.v. co��found��ed, co��found��ing, co��foundsTo establish or found in concert with another or others.co��found , with the late Dr. JackGriffin, of the Archives on the History of Canadian Psychiatry, now theCAMH CAMH Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthCAMH Contemporary Arts Museum Houston (Houston, TX)CAMH Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals Archives.