Settlement and economy in Neolithic Ukraine: a new chronology.

Settlement and economy in Neolithic Ukraine: a new chronology. Defining the Neolithic The question of the origins and subsequent development offood-producing economies in Ukraine in the prehistoric period iscomparatively well studied for many cultures such as the Linear pottery,Bug-Dniester, Surska and Dnieper-Donets cultures, among others. Numerouspapers have been published relating to relating torelate prep → concernantrelating torelate prep → bez��glich +gen, mit Bezug auf +accthe timing of animaldomestication domesticationProcess of hereditary reorganization of wild animals and plants into forms more accommodating to the interests of people. In its strictest sense, it refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild animals and plants. and the species composition of food producing communities(Bibikova 1963; Formozov 1972; Krainov 1957; Tsalkin 1970; Telegin1977), but the precise definition of the transition to agricultureremains to be established (cf. Zvelebil 1995). Faunal fau��na?n. pl. fau��nas or fau��nae1. (used with a sing. or pl. verb) Animals, especially the animals of a particular region or period, considered as a group.2. studies have shownthat domesticated do��mes��ti��cate?tr.v. do��mes��ti��cat��ed, do��mes��ti��cat��ing, do��mes��ti��cates1. To cause to feel comfortable at home; make domestic.2. To adopt or make fit for domestic use or life.3. a. cattle and pigs were available to the Neolithiccultures in Ukraine and Moldova mentioned above, and in addition itappears that sheep/goat formed part of the Linear pottery culturesresource base. In addition, sheep is listed amongst the faunal remainsfound in Neolithic horizons of Rakushechny Yar near the Don River(Belanovskaia 1995). Krizhevskaya (1998: 248) reports the presence ofsheep/goat at the Matveev Kurgan Kurgan(krgän`), city (1989 pop. 356,000), capital of Kurgan region, W Siberian Russia, on the Tobol River. settlements (I and II) which arelocated on the river Mius on the north side of the Azov Sea. The formerof these sites is dated to 7180 [+ or -] 78 and 7505 [+ or -] 210 BP(St. Petersburg and Groningen lab.), which calibrate To adjust or bring into balance. Scanners, CRTs and similar peripherals may require periodic adjustment. Unlike digital devices, the electronic components within these analog devices may change from their original specification. See color calibration and tweak. to 6220-5890BC and6600-6050BC respectively. Cultures such as Bug-Dniester have their genesis in the precedingMesolithic period Mesolithic period(mĕz'əlĭth`ĭk)or Middle Stone Age,period in human development between the end of the Paleolithic period and the beginning of the Neolithic period. , with the Soroki stage of this culture following onfrom the Grebeniki Mesolithic culture to the west of the Dnieper(Markevich 1974; Tringham 1969, 1971). Importantly, as with theDnieper-Donets communities, the early stages of the Bug-Dniester'Neolithic' economies included a large proportion of wildspecies such as red-deer, roe-deer, wild horse, aurochs aurochs:see cattle. aurochsor aurochExtinct wild ox (Bos primigenius) of Europe, the species from which cattle are probably descended. The aurochs survived in central Poland until 1627. It was black, stood 6 ft (1. , wild pig andwolf, and these groups are aceramic (cf. Dolukhanov & Khotinskiy1984). These early stages of the Dnieper-Donets and Bug-Dniestercultures fail to fulfil the traditional categorisation of 'theyhave pots therefore they are Neolithic'. On the basis of this observation Dolukhanov (1979) and Zvelebil andDolukhanov (1991) propose a division of Bug-Dniester into an aceramicphase dated to 5500-4900 BC and a ceramic phase dated to 4900-4400 BC.In light of the new dating of the Dnieper-Donets sites presented here,it is apparent that the similarities in fabric, form and decoration ofpottery between Dnieper-Donets and Bug-Dniester can no longer beconsidered incompatible on chronological grounds (Telegin et al. 2002).In addition, it should be noted that the early, aceramic stages of bothof these cultures would result in their categorisation, in westernEuropean convention, as 'Mesolithic' fisher-hunter-gatherersocieties. The securely attributed adoption of domesticates in theBug-Dniester culture occurs in the later stages of its evolution. Along with domesticated animals This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims.Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the for details.This article has been tagged since September 2007.This is a list of animals which have been domesticated by humans. , the Bug-Dniester and thesubsequent Linear pottery culture “LBK” redirects here. For other uses, see LBK (disambiguation).The Linear Pottery culture is a major archaeological horizon of the European Neolithic, flourishing ca. 5500—4500 BC. , and also the later Dnieper-Donetscommunities, were all practising arable agriculture to differingdegrees. The populations of these cultures cultivated several species ofwheat and barley as well as millet millet,common name for several species of grasses cultivated mainly for cereals in the Eastern Hemisphere and for forage and hay in North America. The principal varieties are the foxtail, pearl, and barnyard millets and the proso millet, called also broomcorn millet , oats, vetch vetch,common name for many weak-stemmed, leguminous herbs of the genus Vicia of the family Leguminosae (pulse family). The vetches are chiefly annuals, distributed over temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and of South America. and rye (Yanushevich& Markevich 1970; Kulczycka-Lieciejewiczowa 1979; Okhrimenko 1993). Recent research into the absolute age of these cultures in Ukrainehas included work by M.M.Kovaliukh, the Head of Kiev RadiocarbonLaboratory, and archaeologists such as M.Yu.Videiko and N.B.Burdo amongothers. Over twenty dates have been obtained for the Bug-Dniesterculture (Videiko & Kovaliukh 1998), eight dates for Surska monuments(Kovaliukh & Tuboltsev 1998) and about twenty dates for the EarlyTripolie culture (Burdo & Kovaliukh 1998). Analyses relating tostages B and C of Tripolie, a number of monuments of Sredny Stog IIculture, Kamenna Mohila multi-layered settlements near the Sea of Azov,and Rakushechny Yar near the Don River have been carried out at Kiev andother laboratories (Belanovskaia 1995). At present we have about 200radiocarbon determinations for use in the dating and periodisation ofthe Neolithic and Eneolithic monuments of this region, and about 100 ofthese were obtained on samples from settlement sites (Figures 1 & 2and Table 1). [FIGURES 1-2 OMITTED] Periodisation of the Neolithic cultures of Ukraine The analyses carried out in this paper, alongside the work ofMovsha (1984), Telegin (1985), Burdo and Videiko (1998), and Chernysh(1982), enable a clarification of the chronology and periodisation ofthe later, and post-Mesolithic cultures in Ukraine (Figure 2). It nowappears, on the basis of the artefactual adj. 1. of or pertaining to an artefact.2. made by human actions.Adj. 1. artefactual - of or relating to artifactsartifactual inventories from settlementsites, that the transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic may exhibit somedegree of heterogeneity het��er��o��ge��ne��i��tyn.The quality or state of being heterogeneous.heterogeneitythe state of being heterogeneous. , with the first appearance of traditionallyNeolithic cultures in the southern part of Ukraine possibly attested asearly as the mid seventh millennium BC. The period from the beginning ofthe second half of the seventh to the third millennia BC cansubsequently be sub-divided, into two discrete cultural-historicperiods, the Neolithic (Early Neolithic) and Neo-Eneolithic (Nen)periods. The latter, in turn, comprises three sub-periods or stagesincluding, i) Nen-A--Early-Tripolie--Late-Mariupol, ii)Nen-B--Middle-Tripolie--Sredny Stog and iii)Nen-C-Late--Tripolie--Lower-Mykhailivka (Figure 2). Information on the development of the associated material cultureand periodic ethno-cultural shifts in their composition are used as thefoundation for the regional chronological divisions and periodisationoutlined above. As the names of the stages suggest, these divisions arebased on the material culture of well-known Neolithic and Eneolithicgroups, including Tripolie, Dnieper-Donets Community, Sredny Stog II andothers, the settlements and cemeteries of which had been developing forin the region of a thousand years or more. The new outline is summarisedbelow. Neolithic period Neolithic periodor New Stone Age.The term neolithic is used, especially in archaeology and anthropology, to designate a stage of cultural evolution or technological development characterized by the use of stone tools, the existence of (c. 6500-5500 cal BC) This period begins with first appearance of the Bug-Dniesterculture in the north western Black Sea Littoral littoral/lit��to��ral/ (lit��ah-r'l) pertaining to the shore of a large body of water. littoralpertaining to the shore. and the Surska culturein the Lower Dnieper area (Archaeology of Ukrainian SSR The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic a.k.a. Uk(r)SSR was a socialist state in Ukraine which became one of the fifteen constituent republics of the Soviet Union.(Ukrainian: , 1985 (1):118-26 and 133-8). On the basis of the radiocarbon chronology (Table 1,and also Table 1 in Telegin et al. 2002), the earliest Mariupol-typecemeteries of the Dnieper-Donets culture Dnieper-Donets culture, ca. 5th—4th millennium BC. A neolithic (stone age) culture in the area north of the Black Sea/Sea of Azov between the Dnieper and Donets River.It was a hunter-gatherer culture that made the transition to early agriculture. , such as Vasilievka II andMarievka, as well as the early horizons of the Rakushechny Yar sites inthe Lower Don area and probably the monuments of Kaia-Arsy type in theCrimea, all now date to this period. All of these cultures have been shown to have their genesis in thelocal Mesolithic culture groups. However, they were also subject toexternal influences from the southwest and the south as evidenced byclose cultural contacts between the Bug-Dniester culture and theKrish-Starchevo culture in the Balkans (Gorsdorf & Bajadzier 1996).In addition to these contacts, considerable quantities of stone vesselsappear in the inventories of the Surska settlements in the Lower Dnieperarea. These artefacts are characteristic in the Neolithic of Asia Minor. In addition to the above ethno-cultural contacts, mention should bemade of dissemination of the original Linear pottery culture in theVolyn' and Podolie regions in the Early Neolithic period. Thebearers of this culture migrated through Poland from central Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. In addition, Northern, Southern and Southeastern Europe may variously delimit or overlap into Central Europe. .This was a comparatively well-developed agricultural-cattle-breedingculture, which evolved in this area for about 500 years (Archaeology ofUkrainian SSR, 1985(1): 126). Even in the Early Neolithic period the population base of Ukrainewas not anthropologically homogenous homogenous - homogeneous . As outlined previously (Potekhina1998, n.d.), the Dnieper-Donets Culture populations were the descendants DESCENDANTS. Those who have issued from an individual, and include his children, grandchildren, and their children to the remotest degree. Ambl. 327 2 Bro. C. C. 30; Id. 230 3 Bro. C. C. 367; 1 Rop. Leg. 115; 2 Bouv. n. 1956. 2. of Proto-European hypermorphic populations, as determined by analysis ofthe skeletal remains from the Mariupol-Type Culture. The Linear PotteryCulture tribes by contrast exhibit gracile gracile/grac��ile/ (gras��il) slender or delicate. gracileslender; delicate. Mediterranean features (cf.Jacobs et al. 1996). The Bug-Dniester culture emerged at c. 6500 BC and existed forabout a thousand years, up to the middle of the sixth millennium BC(5500 BC). At this time the populations of the Bug-Dniesrer culture wereintegrated into those of the Early-Tripolie entho-cultural complex.Similarily, at this time the Surska culture ceased to exist in the LowerDnieper area and the Sea of Azov Littoral, being substituted by theNadporozhie Dnieper-Donets community culture. Neo-Eneolithic period (5500-3000/2800 BC) The Early Neolithic period can be defined as giving way to theNeo-Eneolithic on the basis of the appearance of tribes with Eneolithicculture traits on the right bank of the Dnieper, such as Tripolie, andsubsequently the Gumelnitska and Lendelska cultures, as well as theexpansion of Late-Mariupol Dnieper-Donets Culture burial grounds. Thisperiod is characterised by the simultaneous existence of Neolithic andCopper Age cultures in Ukraine. As mentioned above, this phase lastedover two thousand years and was divided into three stages--Nen-A, Nen-B,Nen-C. Stage "Nen-A"--Early-Tripolie--Late Mariupol (5500-4400years BC) There is a vast literature outlining the economy and materialculture of the Tripolie and Dnieper-Donets cultures, the latterincluding the Mariupol-type cemeteries (Archaeology of Ukrainian SSR1985, Cheruysh 1982; Telegin and Titova 1998). While the Tripolieculture had well-developed hoe hoe,usually a flat blade, variously shaped, set in a long wooden handle and used primarily for weeding and for loosening the soil. It was the first distinctly agricultural implement. The earliest hoes were forked sticks. agriculture and cattle-breeding, usingboth copper and gold metalwork, the Dnieper-Donets community populationswere primarily fisher-hunter-gatherers who apparently were familiar withlivestock either through exchange or active pastoralism PastoralismArcadiamountainous region of ancient Greece; legendary for pastoral innocence of people. [Gk. Hist.: NCE, 136; Rom. Lit.: Eclogues; Span. Lit. . Thesepopulations also differed considerably in their anthropology (cf.Potekhina 1998, 1999). The Dnieper-Donets Culture communities werecharacterised by physical attributes relating more to the massivehypermorphic type of large Europeoid race, while the Tripoliecommunities were of smaller stature and more gracile appearance aligningthem, and the Linear Pottery Culture groups to the western branch of theMediterranean anthropological type. The facial width (bi-zygomaticbreadth) of the Tripolie and Linear Pottery Culture groups was only127.8 mm, nasion-alveolar height--69.0 mm, orbital index--74.0 mm, upperfacial index--52.1. These dimensions and indexes are different for theDnieper-Donets Culture population (Telegin et al. 2002: Table 2). While the Tripolie and Dnieper-Donets cultures were at variousstages in their historical development, were of different origin andvaried anthropologically, they nevertheless had close cultural contacts.Up to the beginning of the second half of the fifth millennium BC, thisperiod in Ukrainian history was characterised by a degree of stabilityin terms of ethno-cultural interactions. This was the zenith of theDnieper-Donets culture communities, with combed-stroke ceramics, aconcentration of late Mariupol-type Cemeteries (Nikolsky, Mariupol,Dereivka in the Dnieper region), and also early Tripolie monuments. ThisNen-A stage lasted for about a thousand years. Chronologically, theappearance of Sredny Stog II culture marks the end of this period, alongwith the demise of the Mariupol-type Cemeteries in the Podnieprovieregion. This chronological shift coincides with the transition ofTripolie from its early to middle stage. Stage "Nen-B", Middle-Tripolie--Sredny Stog II (4400-3500years BC) This period is characterised by the coexistence co��ex��ist?intr.v. co��ex��ist��ed, co��ex��ist��ing, co��ex��ists1. To exist together, at the same time, or in the same place.2. of two Eneolithiccultures in the South of Ukraine, Tripolie during stages B-C1 and theSredny Stog II period of pre-Dereivka and Dereivka complexes (Telegin1973). Communities of the Lengyel and Gumelnitsa cultures inhabited theterritory of the Left Bank Ukraine. They arrived towards the end of theprevious stage Nen-A, and colonised Adj. 1. colonised - inhabited by colonistscolonized, settledinhabited - having inhabitants; lived in; "the inhabited regions of the earth" the areas adjacent to the Tripolieregion, in locations such as the forest-steppe at the Left Bank of theDnieper and Volyn', and the Middle and Upper Dnieper. These areaswere previously occupied by the Dnieper-Donets communities such asDonets, Kiev-Cherkassy, and Volyn' cultures, among others (Telegin& Titova 1998). An important event in the history of population development in thisperiod was the appearance of Neolithic tribes of the pit-and-combculture in northeast Ukraine. Analogues of this culture have been foundin the region of the Volga-Oka Rivers (Archaeology of the Ukrainian SSR1985: 178-86). The appearance of new ethno-cultural groups in Ukraineduring Nen-B resulted in an increasingly heterogenous (spelling) heterogenous - It's spelled heterogeneous. regionalpopulation, which differed in their cultural, religious andanthropological traits. As indicated above, the Tripolie groups were primarilyagriculturists. The Gumelnitsa and Lengiel cultures shared similaritiesin their cultural and settlement forms and were of similar western andsouthwestern origins. Conversely, the Sredny Stog II, Dnieper-Donerscommunities and Pit-Comb Culture tribes differed from Tripolie and otheragriculturists of the Right Bank region of Ukraine both in terms ofsubsistence subsistence,n the state of being supported or remaining alive with a minimum of essentials. and settlement pattern. The Sredny Stog II groups weresteppe steppe(stĕp), temperate grassland of Eurasia, consisting of level, generally treeless plains. It extends over the lower regions of the Danube and in a broad belt over S and SE European and Central Asian Russia, stretching E to the Altai and S to cattle-breeders, who had superficial settlements, usedpoint-based vessels and showed a poorly developed plastic art, while theDnieper-Donets Culture and Pit-Comb Culture tribes were primarilyfisher-hunter-gatherers. However, the Dnieper-Donets Culture populationseither possessed or had access to both domestic animals and domesticatedcrops (barley and wheat), while there is no evidence for the integrationof domesticates within Pit-Comb culture. As in the previous period, the anthropological composition of thesegroups was heterogeneous (Potekhina 1998). While the Tripolie peopleappear to exhibit Mediterranean features, the Dnieper-Donets Culturepopulations were more hypermorphic Proto-Europeoids. According to according toprep.1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.2. In keeping with: according to instructions.3. thecraniological cra��ni��ol��o��gy?n.The scientific study of the characteristics of the skull, such as size and shape, especially in humans.cra evidence the Pit-Comb Culture groups also exhibit a suiteof "softened mongoloid" features, called laponondic. TheSredny Stog II groups, on the basis of craniometrics (bizygomaticbreadth, orbital index (Anat.) in the skull, the ratio of the vertical height to the transverse width of the orbit, which is taken as the standard, equal to 100.See also: Orbital , etc.), occupied an intermediate position, i.e.they were more massive than Tripolie groups and notably more gracilethan the Dnieper-Donets Culture populations (Telegin et al. 2002, Table2, cf. Jacobs et al. 1996). On the basis of the burial rituals, it appears that the populationsof Ukraine, during stage Nen-B, differed noticeably in their ritualbeliefs between the early and late Neo-Eneolithic periods. TheDnieper-Donets and Pit-Comb people buried their dead in the supineposition The supine position is a position of the body; lying down with the face up, as opposed to the prone position, which is face down.Using terms defined in the anatomical position, the posterior is down and anterior is up. , while the Sredny Stog, buried their dead lain on the back, andthe Tripolie people buried theirs lain on the side with their hands nearthe face, in the so-called 'position of adoration'. Monuments of the Copper Age of the southern steppe area of Ukrainewhich belonged to Novodanilivka and Post-Mariupol types may also berelevant to the ethno-cultural composition of the Nen-B period(Archaeology of the Ukrainian SSR 1985:311-320, Telegin 1985).Unfortunately, there are practically no radiocarbon determinationsavailable for dating these monuments and their correlation to the Nen-Bperiod has had to rely on an association with the Tripolie or SrednyStog Culture The Sredny Stog culture (named after the Ukrainian village of Serednyi Stih where it was first located, for which Sredny Stog is the conventional Russian-language designation) dates from the 4500-3500 BC. It was situated just north of the Sea of Azov between the Dnieper and the Don. groups based on imported ceramics. The limitations of suchtypological chronology building has been outlined previously, e.g.Jacobs (1993, 1994), and Lillie (1998a and c). "Nen-C" stage: Late-Tripolie-Lower-Mykhailivska(3500-2800 years BC) This final stage in the development of the monuments of theneo-Eneolithic period in Ukraine, is characterised by the continueddevelopment of the Tripolie and Sredny Stog cultures of the Copper Age,as well as Neolithic cultures of Dnieper-Donets and Pit and CombCultures. By this stage the Tripolie culture had evolved through aprocess of the progressive intensification of a cattle-breeding economyas noted at sites such as Usatovo and Maiaki. This culture subsequentlyregressed considerably. Evidence from the sites of Sofievka, Gorodok andEvminka indicates a decline in both ceramic production andhouse-building. Sites relating to this late stage of the Sredny StogCulture are attributed to the Nen-C stage. The periodisation isdeveloped on the basis of new radiocarbon dates from the settlement siteof Petrovskaia Balka, Crimea (Figure 1: 46 and Table 1: XIII [1-4]) andendorsed by a new find, a figurine of Tripolie C2-stage from theDereivka settlement. Monuments of Lower-Mykhailivka type belonging to theLower-Mykhailivka-Kemi-Oba culture (LMKO, Figure 3) play an importantrole in stage C of the Neo-Eneolithic period in south Ukraine. They arecharacterised by artefacts from the lower layer of the Mykhailivkasettlement near the Dnieper, and numerous interments (Archaeology ofUkrainian SSR 1985: 324-3310). The Lower-Mykhailivka-Kemi-Oba culturewas a cattle-breeding steppe culture with a well-defined artefactualinventory. Ceramics were predominantly flat-based and dark in colour,often burnished bur��nish?tr.v. bur��nished, bur��nish��ing, bur��nish��es1. To make smooth or glossy by or as if by rubbing; polish.2. To rub with a tool that serves especially to smooth or polish.n. and poorly decorated. These populations are consideredto be the originators of stone anthropomorphic Having the characteristics of a human being. For example, an anthropomorphic robot has a head, arms and legs. sculptures in thisregion. In terms of burial ritual, the dead were interred the supineposition, or flexed with their knees drawn up. Kruts (1972) paidconsiderable attention to the characteristics of anthropological type ofthe Lower-Mykhailivka-Kemi-Oba culture populations, who differ from theindigenous groups by features such as a high cranium cranium:see skull. , with narrow, highface, and a high orbital index (1972: 139). On the whole they areattributed to the eastern Mediterranean anthropological type. [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] Later developments A complex process characterises the shift from theLate-Neo-Eneolithic cultures into the Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the cultures of Ukraine.The developments which occur towards the end of C stage ofNeo-Eneolithic period in this region, are primarily associated with theLower-Mikhalivka-Kemi-Oba culture, which is correlated to the Bronze Ageduring the Kemi-Oba stage (Archaeology of the Ukrainian SSR 1985:331-6). It appears that the Pit-Comb Cultures of steppe cattle-breedersare formed out of a combination of the Sredny Stog II culture near theDnieper and Don Rivers, and the Khvalynsk culture The Khvalynsk culture was an Eneolithic (copper age) culture of the first half of the 5th millennium BC, discovered at Khvalynsk on the Volga in Saratov Oblast, Russia. The culture also is termed the Middle Eneolithic or Developed Eneolithic or near the Volga River Volga RiverRiver, western Russia. Europe's longest river and the principal waterway of western Russia, it rises in the Valdai Hills northwest of Moscow and flows 2,193 mi (3,530 km) southeastward to empty into the Caspian Sea. .Many researchers consider this culture to belong to the early Bronze Age(Archaeology of the Ukrainian SSR 1985: 350-2). Numerous Pit-Grave-usinggroups settled in the steppe zone of eastern Europe Eastern EuropeThe countries of eastern Europe, especially those that were allied with the USSR in the Warsaw Pact, which was established in 1955 and dissolved in 1991. and these eitherabsorbed or displaced the indigenous groups, including Tripolie,KemiOba, post-Mariupol tribes and others. An element of the Kemi-Obaculture group was forced to migrate, possibly to the Crimea, by theintrusive Pit-Grave culture groups. Thus, in the beginning of the thirdmillennium BC, the Neo-Eneolithic period gives way to the Bronze Age inthe steppe zone of Ukraine. To clarify the historical evolution of the Ukrainian populationsacross the Neo-Eneolithic to early Bronze Age transition, theethno-cultural processes in the northern forest-steppe and Polessieareas of Ukraine may be significant. These areas, like Volyn', thePripiat and Dnieper River Dnieper RiverRussian Dnepr ancient Borysthenes.River, eastern central Europe. One of the longest rivers in Europe, it rises west of Moscow and flows south through Belarus and Ukraine, emptying into the Black Sea after a course of 1,420 mi (2,285 km). basins in the earlier Neolithic, wereinhabited by Dnieper Donets Culture tribes, while the northeast ofUkraine was occupied by Pit and Comb Culture groups. The territorialexpansion of new Eneolithic cultures such as the Funnel Beaker Culture Beaker cultureLate Neolithic and early Bronze Age culture of northern and western Europe. The people are known for a group of distinctive bell-shaped earthenware beakers decorated with toothed stamps, probably used in rituals of consumption. (Figure 3) and Globular Amphora Culture The Globular Amphora Culture, German Kugelamphoren, ca. 3400-2800 BC, is an archaeological culture overlapping the central area occupied by the Corded Ware culture. Somewhat to the south and west, it was bordered by the Baden culture. To the northeast was the Narva culture. , was an important event in thehistory of the Dnieper Donets culture's population during thisperiod. Each of these intrusive cultures entered the region from thewest (Archaeology of Ukrainian SSR 1985: 271-91). The Funnel Beaker beaker/beak��er/ (bek��er) a glass cup, usually with a lip for pouring, used by chemists and pharmacists. beakera round laboratory vessel of various materials, usually with parallel sides and often with a pouring spout. and Globular globularresembling a globe.globular hearta spherical cardiac silhouette, usually greatly enlarged and lacking the detailed outline of the right and left atria and apex. Characteristic of pericardial effusion and cardiomyopathy. Amphora groups were cattle-breedingand agricultural cultures. Numerous aspects of the cultural contactsbetween Funnel Beaker Culture groups and C2-stage Tripolie groups havebeen highlighted e.g. Zahkarchuk (1959), Movsha (1984), Tsvek (1985),and Peleshchishin (1998). The Funnel Beaker Culture is radiocarbon datedto 3800-3300 years cal. BC, and the Globular Amphora culture is dated tothe middle-second half of the fourth millennium BC (Shchiber 1994).These groups migrated over a long time period, and were apparentlyintegrated into the pre-existing local Late Neolithic communities.According to Konduktorova (1978), the Globular Amphora carriers hadpronounced Europeoid features, of moderately developed relief. On the basis of the spread of the Corded Ware cultures into thisarea, the transition from the Neo-Eneolithic to Bronze Age periodsoccurs at the beginning of the third millennium BC. Nevertheless, thereis every reason to believe that the populations of the later DnieperDonets Culture and Pit and Comb cultures did not disappear completely inthe North of Ukraine. The populations of the Dnieper Donets culturetogether with Corded Ware culture The Corded Ware culture, alternatively characterized as the Battle Axe culture or Single Grave culture is an enormous European archaeological horizon that begins in the late Neolithic (Stone Age), flourished through the Copper Age and finally culminates in the early tribes form the basis of thesubsequent Tshinetska culture of the middle Bronze Age (Gardawski 1958;Sveshnikov 1974). The Pit and Corded Ware culture groups developed into,firstly the Marianovka and then subsequently the Bondarikha cultures ofthe Middle and Late Bronze Age. These latter developments however,remain beyond the scope of the present outline. Conclusion The results of the present study allow us to present a newchronological framework for early Ukraine. The transition to theNeolithic period occurred from about 6500 cal BC in the southern part ofUkraine and continued throughout the study area until 5500 cal. BC. TheMariupol-type cemeteries, which provided the basis for this analysis(Telegin et al. 2002), functioned throughout the Neolithic and into theNeo-Eneolithic, a period of more than two thousand years (c. 6500-4000years BC). However, as has previously been noted by the work of Jacobs(1993, 1994) and Lillie (1996, 1997, 1998a, b and c), it appears thatcertain of these cemeteries had their genesis in the Late Mesolithicperiod. In economic terms, some populations remained essentiallyMesolithic in character during the period 6500-5500 BC, withfisher-hunter-gatherer economies in evidence. The early Neolithic period lasted for about a thousand years, afterwhich a shift into the Neo-Eneolithic occurred. The period wascharacterised by the coexistence of Neolithic and Eneolithic cultures inadjacent areas, and can be sub-divided into three stages:Early-TripolieLate-Mariupol (A), Middle-Tripolie-Sredny Stog II (B) andLate-Tripolie-Lower-Mykhailivka (C). The final Neo-Eneolithic period inUkraine developed into the early Bronze Age with the expansion of thePit-Grave culture in the South and the Corded Ware culture in the North.Table 1 Radiocarbon dates and calibrated ranges obtained fromsettlement sites in Ukraine and Moldova (see Figures 1 and 2). Numbersin brackets relate to the locations of these sites in Figure 1. [sup.14]C ageSample Laboratory number Date BPVIII Bug-Dniester culture1. Pugach 2 (35) Ki-3030 5920 [+ or -] 612. Soroki 5 (15) Bln-589 6495 [+ or -] 1003. Pugach 2 Ki-6648 6740 [+ or -] 654. Pugach 2 Ki-6649 6780 [+ or -] 605. Pugach 2 Ki-6657 6810 [+ or -] 606. Soroki 2 Bln-586 6825 [+ or -] 1507. Gard 3 (33) Ki-6650 6865 [+ or -] 508. Pugach 2 Ki-6656 6895 [+ or -] 509. Savran (34) Ki-6653 6920 [+ or -] 7010. Gard 3 Ki-6655 6930 [+ or -] 5511. Savran Ki-6654 6985 [+ or -] 6012. Bazkov ostrov (28) Ki-6652 7160 [+ or -] 5513. Bazkov ostrov Ki-6651 7235 [+ or -] 6014. Soroki 2 Bln-587 7420 [+ or -] 8015. Pugach-2 Ki-6678 6520 [+ or -] 6016. Pugach-2 Ki-6679 6560 [+ or -] 5017. Gard 3 Ki-6687 6640 [+ or -] 5018. Pechera (31) Ki-6692 7260 [+ or -] 6519. Pechera Ki-6693 7305 [+ or -] 5020. Zan'kovtsi (32) Ki-6694 7540 [+ or -] 6521. Bazkov ostrov Ki-6696 7215 [+ or -] 5522. Sokol'tsy II (27) Ki-6697 7470 [+ or -] 6023. Sokol'tsy II Ki-6698 7405 [+ or -] 55IX. Surska culture1. Stril'chaia skelia (43) Ki-2973 5160 [+ or -] 702. Stril'chaia skelia Ki-2948 5365 [+ or -] 703. Isl. Surskoi (39) Ki-6688 6980 [+ or -] 654. Isl. Surskoi Ki-6989 7125 [+ or -] 605. Isl. Surskoi Ki-6690 7195 [+ or -] 556. Isl. Surskoi Ki-6691 7245 [+ or -] 607. Semenovka (44) Ki-6688 6980 [+ or -] 658. Semenovka Ki-6689 7125 [+ or -] 60X. Dniper-Donetsa culture. Kamenna mohila.1. Horizon (45) Ki-4023 6120 [+ or -] 802. Horizon Ki-4024 6180 [+ or -] 903. Horizon 15 Ki-4226 7170 [+ or -] 704. Horizon 15 Ki-4022 7250 [+ or -] 95XI. Rakushechny yar1. Layer 4 (47) Ki-3545 5150 [+ or -] 702. Layer 5 Ki-955 5890 [+ or -] 1053. Layer 14-15 Ki-6479 6925 [+ or -] 1104. Layer 15 Ki-6478 6930 [+ or -] 1005. Layer 15 Ki-6480 7040 [+ or -] 1006. Layer 20 Ki-6475 7690 [+ or -] 1107. Layer 20 Ki-6477 7860 [+ or -] 1308. Layer 20 Ki-6476 7930 [+ or -] 140XII. Tripolie1. Chervony khutor CII Ki-5016 4140 [+ or -] 1102. Chervony khutor CII Ki-5039 4160 [+ or -] 903. Zavalivka (3) Ki-5014 4230 [+ or -] 804. Sofievka, CII (5) Ki-5013 4270 [+ or -] 905. Chervony khutor CII Ki-5038 4280 [+ or -] 1106. Zavalivka (p.6), CII Ki-5015 4290 [+ or -] 907. Sofievka Ki-5029 4300 [+ or -] 458. Sofievka (p.1), CII Ki-5012 4320 [+ or -] 709. Shkarovka, B1-B2 (25) Ki-201 4320 [+ or -] 17010. Usatovo, CII (21) UCLA-1642A 4330 [+ or -] 6011. Maiaki, CII (22) Le-645 4340 [+ or -] 6012. Varvarovka, CI (17) Ki-601 4370 [+ or -] 18013. Maiaki, CII UCLA-1642G 4375 [+ or -] 6014. Maiaki, CII UCLA-1642B 4376 [+ or -] 6015. Maiaki, CII Bln-629 4400 [+ or -] 10016. Maiaki, CII KIGN-281 4475 [+ or -] 13017. Gorodsk, CII (2) GrN-5099 4551 [+ or -] 3518. Maiaki, CII KIGN-282 4580 [+ or -] 12019. Majdanetskoe, CI (26) Ki-1212 4600 [+ or -] 8020. Danku 2, CII (19) Le-1054 4600 [+ or -] 6021. Gorodnytsia-Gorodyshche, GrN-5088 4615 [+ or -] 35 CII (20)22. Shkarovka, B1-B2 Ki-881 4620 [+ or -] 10023. Maiaki, CII Ki-870 4670 [+ or -] 10024. Shkarovka, B1-B2 Ki-877 4690 [+ or -] 8025. Shkarovka, B1-B2 Ki-879 4710 [+ or -] 3026. Shkarovka, B1 Ki-1204 4700 [+ or -] 9027. Evminka-1, CI (1) UCLA-1466B 4790 [+ or -] 10028. Soroki-Ozero, CI (15) BM-494 4792 [+ or -] 10529. Chapaievka, BII (6) Ki-880 4810 [+ or -] 14030. Shkarovka, B1-B2 Ki-875 4840 [+ or -] 9531. Chapaievka, B2 Bln-631 4870 [+ or -] 10032. Evminka-1, CI UCLA-1671B 4890 [+ or -] 6033. Majdanetskoe, CI Bln-2087 4890 [+ or -] 5034. Novo-Rozanivka 2, UCLA-1642F 4904 [+ or -] 300 CI (36)35. Soroki-Ozero, CI BM-495 4940 [+ or -] 10536. Shkarovka, B1-B2 Ki-2088 4940 [+ or -] 9537. Varvarovka 15, CI Bln-2480 4990 [+ or -] 6038. Brinzeni 4 (13) Bln-2430 5020 [+ or -] 6039. Shkarovka, B1 Ki-520 5015 [+ or -] 10540. Putineshti, B1 (14) Ki-613 5060 [+ or -] 12041. Klishchiv yar, B1-B2 (23) Le-1060 5100 [+ or -] 5042. Tsypleshti, BII Bln-2431 5165 [+ or -] 5043. Krasnostavka, B1 (24) Ki-882 5310 [+ or -] 16044. Brinzeni 8, BII (13) Bln-2429 5360 [+ or -] 6545. Stari Kukoneshty, B1 Bln-2428 5390 [+ or -] 6046. Polivaniv Yar, B1 (11) GrN-5134 5440 [+ or -] 7047. Putineshti, B1 Bln-2447 5595 [+ or -] 8048. Ruseshti (18) Bln-590 5565 [+ or -] 10049. Rogozhany Bln-2426 5700 [+ or -] 5550. Timokovo (16) Bln-3191 5700 [+ or -] 7051. Grenovka (29) Ki-6682 5800 [+ or -] 5052. Luka Vrublivetska (7) Ki-6685 5845 [+ or -] 5053. Grenovka Ki-6683 5860 [+ or -] 4554. Luka Vrublivetska Ki-6684 5905 [+ or -] 6055. Sabatinovka 2 (27) Ki-6680 6075 [+ or -] 6056. Sabatinovka 2 Ki-6737 6100 [+ or -] 5557. Voronovitsy (9) Ki-6677 6180 [+ or -] 6058. Korman' (10) Ki-6225 6225 [+ or -] 6059. Okopi (8) Ki-6671 6330 [+ or -] 6560. Bernashovka (12) Ki-6670 6440 [+ or -] 6061. Bernashovka Ki-6681 6510 [+ or -] 5562. Babshin Ki-6656 6200 [+ or -] 5563. Grebenyukuv yar (26) Ki-6672 6040 [+ or -] 6564. Grebenyukuv yar Ki-6673 6120 [+ or -] 5065. Grebenyukuv yar Ki-6165 6165 [+ or -] 55XIII. Sredny Srog culture1. Petrovska balka (46) Ki-2979 4410 [+ or -] 502. Petrovska balka Ki-2931 4530 [+ or -] 403. Petrovska balka Ki-2930 4670 [+ or -] 504. Petrovska balka Ki-2981 4670 [+ or -] 805. Dereivka settlement (37) Ucla-1671 4900 [+ or -] 1006. Dereivka settlement Ki-2197 5230 [+ or -] 957. Dereivka settlement Ki-6965 5210 [+ or -] 708. Dereivka settlement Ki-6964 5260 [+ or -] 759. Dereivka settlement Ki-6960 5330 [+ or -] 6010. Dereivka settlement Ki-6966 5370 [+ or -] 7011. Dereivka burial area OxA-5030 5380 [+ or -] 9012. Dereivka settlement Ki-2193 5400 [+ or -] 10013. Dereivka settlement Ucla-14660 5515 [+ or -] 9014. Dereivka settlement Ki-2195 6240 [+ or -] 100 [sup.14]C ageSample cal. RangeBC (2 [+ or -])VIII Bug-Dniester culture1. Pugach 2 (35) 4950-46102. Soroki 5 (15) 5630-52903. Pugach 2 5740-55104. Pugach 2 5590-55605. Pugach 2 5810-56106. Soroki 2 6000-54507. Gard 3 (33) 5840-56408. Pugach 2 5880-56609. Savran (34) 5920-566010. Gard 3 5980-571011. Savran 5990-573012. Bazkov ostrov (28) 6170-589013. Bazkov ostrov 6230-599014. Soroki 2 6430-608015. Pugach-2 5620-536016. Pugach-2 5620-538017. Gard 3 5640-548018. Pechera (31) 6230-599019. Pechera 6240-602020. Zan'kovtsi (32) 6470-623021. Bazkov ostrov 6220-592022. Sokol'tsy II (27) 6440-622023. Sokol'tsy II 6400-6090IX. Surska culture1. Stril'chaia skelia (43) 4230-37802. Stril'chaia skelia 4340-40003. Isl. Surskoi (39) 5990-57204. Isl. Surskoi 6160-58405. Isl. Surskoi 6210-59206. Isl. Surskoi 6230-59907. Semenovka (44) 5990-57208. Semenovka 6160-5840X. Dniper-Donetsa culture. Kamenna mohila.1. Horizon (45) 5290-48002. Horizon 5320-48503. Horizon 15 6220-58804. Horizon 15 6380-5910XI. Rakushechny yar1. Layer 4 (47) 4220-37702. Layer 5 5050-44503. Layer 14-15 6010-56204. Layer 15 6000-56305. Layer 15 6080-57206. Layer 20 6900-62507. Layer 20 7100-64508. Layer 20 7300-6450XII. Tripolie1. Chervony khutor CII 3050-23502. Chervony khutor CII 2920-24903. Zavalivka (3) 3020-25704. Sofievka, CII (5) 3350-25505. Chervony khutor CII 3350-25006. Zavalivka (p.6), CII 3350-25507. Sofievka 3080-27808. Sofievka (p.1), CII 3350-26509. Shkarovka, B1-B2 (25) 3500-240010. Usatovo, CII (21) 3350-270011. Maiaki, CII (22) 3350-275012. Varvarovka, CI (17) 3600-240013. Maiaki, CII 3330-288014. Maiaki, CII 3330-288015. Maiaki, CII 3400-285016. Maiaki, CII 3550-285017. Gorodsk, CII (2) 3370-309018. Maiaki, CII 3650-290019. Majdanetskoe, CI (26) 3650-300020. Danku 2, CII (19) 3550-305021. Gorodnytsia-Gorodyshche, 3520-3130 CII (20)22. Shkarovka, B1-B2 3650-300023. Maiaki, CII 3650-305024. Shkarovka, B1-B2 3650-310025. Shkarovka, B1-B2 3630-337026. Shkarovka, B1 3700-310027. Evminka-1, CI (1) 3780-335028. Soroki-Ozero, CI (15) 3800-335029. Chapaievka, BII (6) 4000-310030. Shkarovka, B1-B2 3950-335031. Chapaievka, B2 3950-335032. Evminka-1, CI 3800-352033. Majdanetskoe, CI 3790-353034. Novo-Rozanivka 2, 4400-2900 CI (36)35. Soroki-Ozero, CI 3970-351036. Shkarovka, B1-B2 3970-352037. Varvarovka 15, CI 3950-365038. Brinzeni 4 (13) 3960-366039. Shkarovka, B1 4040-363040. Putineshti, B1 (14) 4250-360041. Klishchiv yar, B1-B2 (23) 3990-377042. Tsypleshti, BII 4220-379043. Krasnostavka, B1 (24) 4500-375044. Brinzeni 8, BII (13) 4340-400045. Stari Kukoneshty, B1 4350-404046. Polivaniv Yar, B1 (11) 4450-404047. Putineshti, B1 4620-425048. Ruseshti (18) 4700-415049. Rogozhany 4710-436050. Timokovo (16) 4720-436051. Grenovka (29) 4780-452052. Luka Vrublivetska (7) 4840-455053. Grenovka 4850-459054. Luka Vrublivetska 4940-461055. Sabatinovka 2 (27) 5210-479056. Sabatinovka 2 5210-484057. Voronovitsy (9) 5300-495058. Korman' (10) 5320-500059. Okopi (8) 5480-507060. Bernashovka (12) 5490-530061. Bernashovka 5620-536062. Babshin 5300-499063. Grebenyukuv yar (26) 5210-477064. Grebenyukuv yar 5260-485065. Grebenyukuv yar 5290-4940XIII. Sredny Srog culture1. Petrovska balka (46) 3340-32102. Petrovska balka 3370-30903. Petrovska balka 3630-33504. Petrovska balka 3650-31005. Dereivka settlement (37) 3950-33506. Dereivka settlement 4350-37507. Dereivka settlement 4230-38008. Dereivka settlement 4330-39409. Dereivka settlement 4330-399010. Dereivka settlement 4340-400011. Dereivka burial area 4360-398012. Dereivka settlement 4450-398013. Dereivka settlement 4550-405014. Dereivka settlement 5500-4850 Acknowledgements Malcolm Lillie would like to thank his co-authors, and also Profs.Gokhman and Timofeev, and Dr. Alexander Kozintsev, for all theirassistance during research visits to Eastern Europe between 1992 2000. References BELANOVSKAIA T.D. 1995. From the oldest periods of the Lower DonRiver. Saint-Petersburg. (In Russian). p.378. BIBIKOVA V.I. 1963. 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Management offood resources by the late Mesolithic communities of temperate temperate/tem��per��ate/ (tem��per-at) restrained; characterized by moderation; as a temperate bacteriophage, which infects but does not lyse its host. tem��per��ateadj. Europe.MASCA MASCA Museum Applied Science Center for Archaeology (University of Pennsylvania Museum)MASCA Miniature Australian Shepherd Club of America (Winter Park, FL)MASCA Middle Atlantic States Correctional Association Research Papers in Science and Archaeology 12: 79-104(supplement). ZVELEBIL, M. & P. DOLUKHANOV. 1991. The Transition to Farmingin Eastern and Northern Europe. Journal of World Prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to 5: 233-78. D.Ya. Telegin (1), M. Lillie (2), I.D. Potekhina (1) & M.M.Kovaliukh (3) 1) Institute of Archaeology The Institute of Archaeology is an academic department of University College London (UCL), in the United Kingdom. The Institute is located in a separate building at the north end of Gordon Square, Bloomsbury. of National Academy of Sciences ofUkraine, Geroiev Stalingrada street., 12, Kyiv, Ukraine (Email:ira@iarh.kiev.ua) (2) Wetland Archaeology & Environments Research Centre,Department of Geography, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX UK (Email:M.C.Lillie@hull.ac.uk) (3) State Scientific Center of Environmental Radiogeochemistry,National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Palladin av., 34a, Kyiv,Ukraine (Email: kyiv14c@radgeo.freenet.kiev.ua) Received: 10 May 2001 Revised: March 2003 Accepted: March 2003