The effect of an idiosyncratic stimulus on self-injurious behavior during task demands.

The effect of an idiosyncratic stimulus on self-injurious behavior during task demands. Abstract We investigated the influence of a potential EO on theself-injurious behavior (SIB sib:see clan. ) of a 12-year-old male with severe mentalretardation mental retardation,below average level of intellectual functioning, usually defined by an IQ of below 70 to 75, combined with limitations in the skills necessary for daily living. . This study was conducted in two phases: functional analysisand treatment. Results of the functional analysis indicated that SIB wasmaintained by escape from demands and access to an activity (listeningto music). In the treatment phase, we examined the effects of thepresence and absence of music, a putative Alleged; supposed; reputed.A putative father is the individual who is alleged to be the father of an illegitimate child.A putative marriage is one that has been contracted in Good Faith and pursuant to ignorance, by one or both parties, that certain EO, on SIB during the demandcondition. Results indicated that the presence of music was correlatedwith a reduced rate of SIB during the demand condition. Some possiblemechanisms by which music affected SIB are discussed. ********** Functional analysis methodology has become a popular approach tothe development of effective interventions for treating problembehavior. Examination of the literature reveals a strong base ofempirical research Noun 1. empirical research - an empirical search for knowledgeinquiry, research, enquiry - a search for knowledge; "their pottery deserves more research than it has received" documenting the use of functional analyses to assessthe relationship between antecedent ANTECEDENT. Something that goes before. In the construction of laws, agreements, and the like, reference is always to be made to the last antecedent; ad proximun antecedens fiat relatio. and consequent events and problembehavior. Typically, researchers have used analogue (electronics) analogue - (US: "analog") A description of a continuously variable signal or a circuit or device designed to handle such signals. The opposite is "discrete" or "digital". analyses to assessthe influence of a small number of global antecedent variables (e.g.,task demands, adult attention) on problem behaviors. An extended line ofresearch into functional analysis has illustrated the potentialcomplexity of identifying antecedent variables that occasion problembehavior. Hypothetically, an almost infinite number infinite numbera number so large as to be uncountable. Represented by 8, frequently obtained by 'dividing' by zero. of antecedents mayinfluence problem behavior. Carr, Yarborough yar��bor��ough?n. GamesA bridge or whist hand containing no honor cards.[After Charles Anderson Worsley, Second Earl of Yarborough , and Langdon (1997)demonstrated the importance of infusing idiosyncratic id��i��o��syn��cra��sy?n. pl. id��i��o��syn��cra��sies1. A structural or behavioral characteristic peculiar to an individual or group.2. A physiological or temperamental peculiarity.3. stimulus variablesinto functional analysis conditions. The authors compared rates ofproblem behavior in demand sessions when specific stimuli were pr esentv absent. For example, the absence of small objects (i.e., wristbands,small balls) was associated with higher frequencies of problem behaviorin demand and attention conditions, relative to observed rates when theobjects were present. Failure to identify all sources of control mayresult in incorrectly identifying behavioral function, leading toineffective intervention or treatment plans. Antecedents operating immediately prior to or concurrently withproblem behavior represent only one type of potential influence. Theconceptualization con��cep��tu��al��ize?v. con��cep��tu��al��ized, con��cep��tu��al��iz��ing, con��cep��tu��al��iz��esv.tr.To form a concept or concepts of, and especially to interpret in a conceptual way: of antecedent sources of control is enhanced by anunderstanding of establishing operations (EO's). An EO is definedas "... an environmental event, operation, or stimulus conditionthat affects an organism by momentarily altering (a) the reinforcingeffectiveness of other events, and (b) the frequency of occurrence ofthat part of the organism's repertoire relevant to those events asconsequences" (Michael, 1993, p. 192). EO's are antecedentevents that change the probability of responses associated with specificstimuli by momentarily altering the reinforcing value of consequences.And if EO's momentarily alter the reinforcing value ofconsequences, then the evocative e��voc��a��tive?adj.Tending or having the power to evoke.e��voca��tive��ly adv. potential of those immediateantecedents that signal the availability of reinforcement (for aresponse) will be altered. Investigations of EO's have focused onbiological variables (e.g., sleep deprivation sleep deprivationSleep disorders A prolonged period without the usual amount of sleep. See Driver fatigue, Poor sleeping hygiene, Sleep disorders, Sleep-onset insomnia. , O'Reilly, 1995) andenvironmental variables (e.g., changes in scheduled events, Homer, Day,& Day, 1997). In this study, we assessed the influence of a putative EO on SIBrates exhibited by Steve, an adolescent male with severe mentalretardation. Interviews and naturalistic nat��u��ral��is��tic?adj.1. Imitating or producing the effect or appearance of nature.2. Of or in accordance with the doctrines of naturalism. observations preceded theexperimental investigations. We conducted a functional analysis toidentify the source of reinforcement that maintained Steve's SIB.Results of this analysis revealed that rates of SIB were highest duringdemand and access-to-tangible (music) conditions. We capitalized onthese findings by designing a treatment phase in which the effects ofmusic, a putative EO, on SIB were examined during the demand conditionin an alternating treatments design. Method Participant & Setting Steve was a 12- year- old boy with a severe mental impairment Impairment1. A reduction in a company's stated capital.2. The total capital that is less than the par value of the company's capital stock.Notes:1. This is usually reduced because of poorly estimated losses or gains.2. whohad a long history of frequent SIB. Records indicated that Steve hadexhibited severe forms of SIB since kindergarten kindergarten[Ger.,=garden of children], system of preschool education. Friedrich Froebel designed (1837) the kindergarten to provide an educational situation less formal than that of the elementary school but one in which children's creative play instincts would be . At the time of thisstudy, he was enrolled in a class for students with moderate-to-severedisabilities at a middle school. Steve was nonverbal non��ver��bal?adj.1. Being other than verbal; not involving words: nonverbal communication.2. Involving little use of language: a nonverbal intelligence test. but used two signsinconsistently to request "walk" and to indicate"bye". He also was learning to request, "help" withthe aid of a picture card. Steve followed 1- and 2-step directions,albeit inconsistently. Descriptive data were collected with narrative andantecedent-behavior-consequence (ABC) recording throughout the schoolday across multiple school settings including the special educationresource room, regular-education art, physical education, and the schoolhallways. All experimental sessions were conducted in an analoguesetting: a conference room established for meetings and small-groupinstruction. The room was furnished with a large table and severalchairs. A video camera was located in the corner of the room. Target Behaviors Target behaviors included several topographies of self-injury.Face-slapping was audible or forceful force��ful?adj.Characterized by or full of force; effective: was persuaded by the forceful speaker to register to vote; enacted forceful measures to reduce drug abuse. contact with the side of the face(right or left) with an open hand. Head-slapping was audible or forcefulcontact with the top or side of the head with an open hand. Head or facehitting was audible or forceful contact with any area of the head orface with closed fists. Hand-mouthing was the insertion of a hand intothe mouth past the plane of the upper and lower lips. Due to the natureof these target behaviors, procedural safeguards were established toensure that Steve did not inflict severe injury to himself. Sessionswere terminated if any redness, swelling, bruising bruisingdiscoloration and actual hemorrhage at the site of injury, and a serious disadvantage in the meat trade. In the first 12 hours after injury the bruise is bright red, at 24 hours it is dark red, at 24 to 36 hours it loses its firm consistency and becomes watery and at 3 or , or tissue damageoccurred. Functional Assessment Functional assessment information was obtained using a structuredinterview (O'Neill, Homer, Albin, Storey, & Sprague, 1997) andobservational format. Interviews were conducted with Steve'sparents, classroom teacher, and one other classroom staff member whoworked closely with Steve on a regular basis. Informal interview datawere collected with various school personnel who worked periodicallywith Steve (e.g., art teacher, office personnel). Information wascollected regarding the nature and frequency of self-injury andsituations in which self-injury did and did not occur. Observations were conducted across the school day in multiplesettings (e.g., resource room, art, and hallways). Narrativeobservations and ABC recording were conducted in the school over aperiod of eight weeks (twice weekly for 2-3 hours). ABC recordingfocused on the identification of antecedent and consequent eventsassociated with high rates of SIB. The frequency of SIB across differentsettings and activities was recorded. Hypotheses regarding the functionof SIB were developed based on these descriptive analyses. Functional assessment results indicated that several variables thatwere associated with high and low occurrences of SIB. Steve was observedto engage in high frequencies of SIB when demands were presented to him.Demands included 1-step directions such as "sit down" or"pick up the pen" and multi-step directions such as "goto the cafeteria cafeteria:see restaurant. and choose your lunch". SIB often was consequatedwith contingent escape from the task. Observational data confirmedteacher reports regarding lower rates of SIB when music was present.Based on this information, two hypotheses were developed regarding thefunction of Steve's behavior: (a) SIB occurred in response to thepresentation of demands and was maintained by escape from demands and(b) rates of SIB were lower when a particular stimulus variable, music,was present. Functional Analysis Steve was exposed to five analogue conditions (alone, attention,access to music, escape, and free play) in a multielement designaccording to according toprep.1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.2. In keeping with: according to instructions.3. procedures described by Iwata et al. (1982/ 1994).Functional analysis sessions were conducted a minimum of three timesweekly for 12 weeks. The alone condition tested the hypothesis that Steve'sself-injury was a form of self-stimulation and was not maintained bypositive or negative reinforcement. The experimenter stood in a cornerof the room as a precautionary measure in the event that Steve engagedin severe SIB (see procedural safeguards). No materials were availableand no interactions took place, the experimenter did not look directlyat Steve. All occurrences of self- injury and other behaviors wereignored. Attention. The attention condition tested the hypothesis thatSteve's SIB was evoked by attention deprivation and maintained bycontingent attention. The experimenter and Steve were seated at a table.At the beginning of the session Steve was told "I'm here ifyou want me." Leisure materials (e.g., books, games) were availablebut no specific instructions were issued to Steve. The experimenterengaged in a solitary activity (e.g., reading). Contingent on Adj. 1. contingent on - determined by conditions or circumstances that follow; "arms sales contingent on the approval of congress"contingent upon, dependant on, dependant upon, dependent on, dependent upon, depending on, contingent theoccurrence of SIB, the experimenter briefly (3-5 s) attended to Steve byexpressing disapproval and providing a pat on the shoulder. All otherbehaviors were ignored. Access to Activity (Music). This condition assessed whether Steveengaged in SIB in order to access a preferred activity (music). Stevewas allowed to listen to music noncontingently for 30-s prior to the 3-5minute session. Music was turned off, provided Steve was not engaging inSIB at the end of the period. Music was immediately started and playedfor 30-s contingent on occurrences of SIB. All other behaviors wereignored. The materials for this condition were chosen based oninformation obtained in the functional assessment indicating that Steveliked listening to music. Prior to entering the session, Steve wasinstructed to choose one tape from a pool of four preferred tapes.Preference was determined informally by observing how frequently Stevechose these tapes from a pool available in the classroom. Steve showedno preference for any particular type of music; he did not choose onetape consistently over the others. Escape. This condition tested the hypothesis that Steve engaged inSIB in response to demands and whether his behavior was maintained byescape from demands. The experimenter presented one of two academic taskdemands on a FI 30-s schedule using a graduated prompt procedure(least-to-most with a 5-s latency (1) The time between initiating a request in the computer and receiving the answer. Data latency may refer to the time between a query and the results arriving at the screen or the time between initiating a transaction that modifies one or more databases and its completion. ). Task demands presented and theirintended responses were: (a) when pens and paper were presented, Stevewas required to pick up the pen, remove the top from the pen, and make amark on the paper; (b) when a rubber stamp (to price items) and musicsheets were presented, Steve was required to stamp the price anywhere onthe music sheet. All responses required during the escape condition already were inSteve's repertoire (i.e., he had previously been observedcompleting the task successfully, although not independently). The twodemand tasks were taken from Steve's IEP IEPIn currencies, this is the abbreviation for the Irish Punt.Notes:The currency market, also known as the Foreign Exchange market, is the largest financial market in the world, with a daily average volume of over US $1 trillion. . Brief verbal praise wasdelivered contingent on correct responding. Contingent on occurrences ofSIB, the experimenter removed materials and turned away from Steve. Thenext trial was initiated following 30-s of escape, provided that thelast 5-s of the escape period was SIB- free. An additional 5-s of escapewas provided contingent on occurrence of SIB within the last 5-s of thecurrent escape period. Presentations of the two tasks werecounterbalanced across sessions to avoid any differential effects of thetasks. Free-play. The experimenter and Steve were seated at a table onwhich several leisure materials (musical games, keyboard) were arranged.Throughout the session, the experimenter interacted with Steve in afriendly, informal manner (e.g., delivered toys, spoke friendly words)every 30-s, provided he did not engage in self-injury during the last5-s of the interval. Response Measurement Functional analysis conditions were 5 min in duration with a breakbetween analogue conditions. A series of five conditions was presentedin one 30-minute session. Sessions were interspersed throughout theschool day. One or two sessions were conducted daily and all sessionswere videotaped. Trained observers recorded occurrences of SIB using a10-s partial interval recording system. For the purposes of reportingresults, varying topographies of SIB were combined. Results and Discussion of Functional Analysis Figure 1 displays the results of the traditional functionalanalysis. The data reveal relatively higher levels of SIB in escape andaccess to music conditions. The mean frequency of SIB in the escapecondition was 54% (range, 12% to 100%) and in the access to musiccondition was 60% (range, 27% to 100%). Levels of SIB in free-play(mean=7%), attention (mean=5%), and alone (mean=10%) conditions weresubstantially lower than those in escape and access to music. Sessions were terminated once (see Session 10), when Steve engagedin high intensity SIB that produced redness. On this day, free-play,attention, and escape conditions were presented. The session wasterminated at the end of the escape condition; the access to music andalone conditions were not conducted. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that Steve engaged in SIB inresponse to demands and his SIB appeared to be maintained by contingentescape. Steve also engaged in SIB to gain access to an activity, music.Therefore, his SIB seemed to serve different communicative com��mu��ni��ca��tive?adj.1. Inclined to communicate readily; talkative.2. Of or relating to communication.com��mu functions inresponse to different environmental arrangements: it produced access tomusic when music was removed and it produced escape from demands whenthey were presented. Treatment Phase: Effect of a Putative EO The functional assessment revealed a correlation between thepresence of music and low rates of SIB. Functional analyses demonstratedthat Steve engaged in SIB to obtain access to this preferred activity.Using this information, we paired the stimuli associated with low andhigh occurrences of SIB, availability of music and demand. Wehypothesized that noncontingent access to music might alter thereinforcing value of escape from demands, making occurrences of SIB lesslikely when demands were issued. In essence, the reinforcing value ofescape would diminish and demands would become less aversive aversive/aver��sive/ (ah-ver��siv) characterized by or giving rise to avoidance; noxious. a��ver��siveadj. in thepresence of music. We investigated this hypothesis in a treatment phase using analternating treatments design in which demand conditions with andwithout music were compared. In one 20-min session, three conditionswere presented: demand (without music), free-play (control), and asecond demand with noncontingent music. During one of the two demandconditions, music was played in the background regardless of taskengagement or the occurrence of SIB. Music was played continuouslythroughout the condition on a tape recorder tape recorder,device for recording information on strips of plastic tape (usually polyester) that are coated with fine particles of a magnetic substance, usually an oxide of iron, cobalt, or chromium. The coating is normally held on the tape with a special binder. that not visible to Steve.The same informal method that was used to assess music preference in thefunctional analysis was used in the treatment phase. A control conditionwas presented after the first demand condition. Music was absent in theother escape condition. The demand and control conditions mirrored thosepresented in the analogue functional analysis. Response Measurement Conditions were 5 mm in duration with a break between conditions.Two sessions were conducted daily, one in the morning, and one afterlunch. The order of demand conditions with and without music wascounterbalanced across the sessions to control for sequence effects. Asin the functional analysis, data were recorded with a 10-s partialinterval system and SIB topographies were combined. Results The data displayed in Figure 2 reflect the percentage of intervalsin which SIB occurred during escape conditions with and without musicand during free-play. Overall, there were higher rates of SIB in escapeconditions when music was absent (mean, 41%; range, 0% to 92%) than whenmusic was present (mean, 14%; range, 0% to 53%). Sessions 1 through four show clear differentiation of effectbetween rates of SIB in the two escape conditions. This differentiationis not as clear in the remaining sessions due to the substantialdownward trend in the rate of SIB observed in the escape conditionwithout music (with the exception of Session 12). The level of SIBaveraged 54% during the treatment phase (see Figure 2); only 2 sessionswere below 40%. In the treatment phase, the first 4 sessions of thissame condition averaged nearly 80% SIB; however, the next 7 sessionsassumed a downward trend (mean =27%) with five of the 7 sessions below40%. Reliability A second observer independently gathered point-by-point agreementdata on occurrences of SIB during three sessions of the functionalanalyses and during three sessions of the treatment phase. An agreementoccurred when both observers scored SIB in an interval. Agreements weredivided by agreements plus disagreements and multiplied by 100 toproduce a percentage. This yielded a mean agreement score of 81.56% forthe analogue functional analysis (range, 70 .52% to 89%). The sameprocedure was used to calculate Interobserver agreement for thetreatment phase, resulting in a mean score of 92% (range, 89% to96.81%). Discussion The results of Experiment 1 demonstrated behavioral (SIB)sensitivity to two environmental manipulations: presentation of demandsand access to music. In the treatment phase, we examined the interactionof these two conditions by pairing the preferred stimulus (music) withan unpreferred set of events (presentation of demands). We reasoned thatif Steve engaged in SIB to obtain music, perhaps we could introducemusic in the escape condition to alter the reinforcing value of escape,and thereby, lessen the rate of SIB. Indeed the results were consistentwith this hypothesis. The use of information about one function of behavior to address asecond introduces a novel way to develop treatment plans based onfunctional analyses. In this study, music was identified as aninfluential stimulus during the descriptive assessment. We then used theidiosyncratic stimulus, noncontingent access to a preferred reinforcer reinforcer/re��in��forc��er/ (-in-for��ser) any stimulus that produces reinforcement, a positive r. being a desirable event strengthening responses preceding its occurrence and a negative r. ,to alter the aversiveness of demand situations. Vollmer and Smith (1996)discussed the need to include idiosyncratic reinforcing anddiscriminative dis��crim��i��na��tive?adj.1. Drawing distinctions.2. Marked by or showing prejudice: discriminative hiring practices. stimuli within analogue conditions as a clear indicationof the function of behavior that may occur only in the presence of thesestimuli. We suggest that this approach may be an effective treatmentmethod once idiosyncratic sources of control are identified. A promisingline of research focusing on the effects of idiosyncratic events and thespecificity of stimulus parameters will likely provide a new directionfor establishing operations research operations researchApplication of scientific methods to management and administration of military, government, commercial, and industrial systems. It began during World War II in Britain when teams of scientists worked with the Royal Air Force to improve radar detection of (see Asmus, et al., 1999; Carr, etal., 1997; Van Camp et al., 2000). Noncontingent access to music did not eliminate occurrences of SIB,thus music was not the only controlling variable of Steve's SIB,rather music some way altered or moderated the task demands (the Sd)and/or the negatively reinforcing value of escape. It remains unclearhow or why music affected rates of SIB positively. Our understanding ofthe mechanisms operating in a 4-term (EO- A-B-C) contingency is, atbest, limited. Further research needs to be conducted to explore theprecise mechanism at work in the operation of this fourth variableaffecting behavior. How can we demonstrate unequivocally that anantecedent event results in changes in the likelihood of a response bymomentarily altering the reinforcing consequence? This in turn may leadto a more comprehensive definition of establishing operations. A limitation of this study is the unexplained unexplainedAdjectivestrange or unclear because the reason for it is not knownAdj. 1. unexplained - not explained; "accomplished by some unexplained process" downward trend inSteve's SIB rates during the treatment phase. The first foursessions demonstrated clear differentiation in data paths of escapeconditions with and without music. Although differentiation continuedthroughout the experiment (with the exception of 2 sessions), itsmagnitude changed substantially from a mean of approximately 55% for thefirst 4 sessions to a little more than 20% for the remaining 8 sessions.Session 12 data make interpretations even more difficult because theyinterrupt the downward trend and readers are left wondering what wouldhappen to SIB rates if additional sessions were conducted. Predictingfuture rates would be extremely speculative. We do not have a goodexplanation for these findings. It might be hypothesized thatSteve's repeatedly experiencing music with demands altered thevalue of demands even in the absence of music, but the sudden dropbetween the first 4 sessions and the next 7 sessions, the variability inthe fi fth through the eleventh sessions, and the large increase in thetwelfth session argue against such an hypothesis. A second limitation of the current study pertains to the datapresented in the treatment phase. They do not reflect measures of taskcompletion. Anecdotally, we noted that Steve completed more tasks whenmusic was playing relative to conditions when music was absent. This study contributes to the growing body of literature onfunctional analyses of problem behavior by developing treatment programsbased on two functions identified in functional analysis conditions.Influential variables identified in the functional analysis, such astask demands and music in the present study may be paired to alter therates of SIB in subsequent analyses. The influence of a secondidentified reinforcer, music, (the first was escape from demands)clearly affected the occurrence of SIB in demand conditions. Byintroducing a second functional variable, we altered the rate of SIB inan otherwise stable analogue condition (treatment phase). Severalinvestigators have demonstrated the positive effects of introducingpreferred stimuli to demand situations (see Carr, Newsom & Blinkoff,1980; Durand & Mapstone, 1998). This approach to decreasing demandrelated problem behavior may be particularly useful and relatively easyto implement in various applied situations. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] References Asmus, J.M., Wacker Wacker may refer to: EMS Wacker http://i9.tinypic.com/4veeqvo.jpg http://i2.tinypic.com/5xrb2g0.jpg Wacker Drive Wacker process Sports VfB Admira Wacker M?dling Wacker Berlin Wacker Burghausen , D.P, Harding, J., Berg, W.K., Derby, K.M.,& Kocis, E. (1999). Evaluation of antecedent stimulus parameters forthe treatment of escape maintained aberrant behavior. Journal of AppliedBehavior Analysis The Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) was established in 1968 as a The Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis is a peer-reviewed, psychology journal, that publishes research about applications of the experimental analysis of behavior to problems of social importance. , 32, 495-513. Carr, E.G., Newsom, C.D., & Blinkoff, J.A. (1980). Escape as afactor in the aggressive behavior of two retarded re��tard��ed?adj.1. Often Offensive Affected with mental retardation.2. Occurring or developing later than desired or expected; delayed. children. Journal ofApplied Behavior Analysis, 13, 101- 117. Carr, E.G., Yarbrough, S. C., & Langdon, N.A. (1997). Effectsof idiosyncratic variables on functional analysis outcomes. Journal ofApplied Behavior Analysis, 30, 673- 686. Durand, M.V. & Mapstone, E. (1998). Influence of "Mood-Inducing" music on challenging behavior. American Journal on MentalRetardation, 102, 367- 378. Horner, R.H., Day, H.M., & Day, J.R. (1997). Using neutralizingroutines to reduce problem behavior. Journal of Applied BehaviorAnalysis, 30, 601- 613. Iwata, B.A., Dorsey, M.F., Slifer, K.J., Bauman, K.E., &Richman, G.S. (1994). Towards a functional analysis of self- injury.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 197- 209. (Reprinted fromAnalysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 2, 3-20, 1982) Michael, J. (1993). Establishing operations. The BehavioralAnalyst, 16, 191- 206. O'Neill, R.E., Homer, R.H., Albin, R.W., Storey, K., &Sprague, J.R. (1997). Functional analysis of problem behavior: Apractical assessment guide. Sycamore sycamore:see plane tree. sycamoreAny of several distinct trees called by the same name though in different genera and families. In the U.S. the term refers to the American plane tree or buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis), a hardy street tree. , IL: Sycamore. O'Reilly, M.F. (1995). Functional analysis and treatment ofescape maintained aggression correlated with sleep deprivation. Journalof Applied Behavior Analysis, 28, 225- 249. Van Camp, C. M., Lerman, D. C., Kelley, M. E., Roane, H. S.,Contrucci, S. A., & Vorndran, C. M. (2000). Further analysis ofidiosyncratic antecedent influences during the assessment and treatmentof problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33, 207-221. Vollmer, T.R. & Smith, R.G. (1996). Some current themes infunctional analysis research. Research in Developmental Disabilities,17, 229-249. Author Note: Address correspondence to Yvonne A. Carey, Universityof Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Early years: 1867-1880The Morrill Act of 1862 granted each state in the United States a portion of land on which to establish a major public state university, one which could teach agriculture, mechanic arts, and military training, "without excluding other scientific , Department of Special Education, 288Education, 1310 S. Sixth, Champaign, IL 61820